Definition
A commercial invoice is a document provided by the seller (exporter) to the buyer (importer) that details the value, quantity, description, and terms of sale for goods in an international transaction. It is a required document for every customs entry filed with CBP and serves as the primary basis for determining the dutiable value of imported merchandise.
Why It Matters for Importers
The commercial invoice is the most important document in your customs entry. CBP uses it to verify the declared value of your goods, which directly determines how much you owe in duties. Inaccurate, incomplete, or missing invoices are among the most common causes of clearance delays and CBP holds.
Your commercial invoice must match your customs entry exactly. Discrepancies between the invoice value and the declared value on the entry summary can trigger a CBP audit, valuation inquiry, or penalty action. The invoice also establishes the terms of sale (Incoterms), which affect how CBP calculates dutiable value.
Key Details
- Required information: Seller and buyer names/addresses, description of goods, quantities, unit prices, total value, currency, country of origin, and Incoterms.
- CBP requirements: Under 19 CFR 141.86, the invoice must be in English or accompanied by an English translation.
- Assists and additions: If the buyer provides materials, tools, or designs to the seller (assists), these must be declared and may increase the dutiable value.
- Pro forma invoices: If a commercial invoice is not available at the time of entry, a pro forma invoice may be used temporarily, but the final invoice must be provided within 120 days.
The commercial invoice is one of several documents needed for smooth clearance. Learn about the complete customs clearance process.
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